Hello to all lovers of electronic homemade products. It's time to tell you about another homemade product. And today we will talk about the so-called Chizhevsky chandelier.
Recently, a big controversy has unfolded about the benefits and harms of the Chizhevsky chandelier. It helps someone, harms someone, and someone is indifferent to its effects. To find out who is right and who is wrong, you need to consider each specific case separately. In this article, I will not understand this, somehow next time.
It has long been proven that negative air ions have a good effect on the entire human body, while positively charged ions depress the body. Measurements were made in forest plantations, which showed that the concentration of air ions can reach, in densely populated thickets, up to 15,000 in one cubic centimeter. While in a residential apartment the number of air ions can drop to 25 in one cubic centimeter. From the foregoing, we can conclude that it is necessary to increase the number of negatively charged ions. To do this, we need a Chizhevsky chandelier, which we will make with our own hands. Almost 100 years ago, Professor Chizhevsky developed a method for air ionization. He proved that it is negatively charged particles that have a beneficial effect on a person.
Chandelier Chizhevsky consists of two parts. This is the chandelier itself, as it is also called the electro-fluvial chandelier. And a high-voltage converter unit, at the output of which we should get from 25-30 kilovolts.
For the manufacture of a high-voltage voltage converter, I used the simplest Chizhevsky chandelier circuit. It does not contain transistors, any scarce radio components. The circuit uses a minimum of radio components:
This scheme has become widespread. As a high voltage source, a voltage multiplier is used here, built on 6 high-voltage diodes VD3-VD8, and 6 capacitors C3-C8. Power is supplied to the multiplier from the high-voltage coil Tr1. Mains voltage has two half-waves. One half-wave charges the capacitor C1, and the other wave opens the thyristor VS1. Capacitor C1 is discharged through thyristor VS1 to the primary winding of transformer Tr1. A high-voltage pulse occurs in the transformer, the voltage of which, with the help of a multiplier, increases to a voltage of 30 kilovolts.
Device details:
Now let's take a closer look at the main voltage converter board and the voltage multiplier board. All the main radio components of the device are mounted on the converter dress:
High-voltage coil from a motorcycle, B51-12v. It can be replaced with any other from automotive equipment. You can also use a line-scan transformer TVS-110L6 or similar:
Nowadays, it is much more affordable to buy a high-voltage coil from a moped or scooter, for example, like this:
Capacitor C1 is desirable to use for voltages below 400 volts, but in my case, a capacitor for a voltage of 300 volts is used, while it works flawlessly:
A seven-watt resistor R1, with a nominal value of 1 kilo-ohm, was taken from a tube TV. If you do not have such a resistor, then you can connect several two cotton resistors in parallel, so that you end up with a nominal value of one kilo-ohm:
The rest of the radio components are located nearby, and are connected by surface mounting:
A properly assembled voltage converter for the Chizhevsky chandelier should start working immediately. Before the first start, the high-voltage wire of the bobbin should be placed near the common wire at a small distance, approximately 5 mm. If this distance is not observed, but made much larger, say 3-4 cm, then a breakdown of the high-voltage coil may occur inside the bobbin itself. After that, we supply power to the entire circuit, observing the safety rules. If the circuit does not start, a thyristor VS1 should be selected. Since thyristors, even from one batch, have a wide variation in their characteristics, special attention should be paid to the selection of a thyristor.
Attention! Be careful. This high-voltage converter is not electrically isolated from the network. Almost all radio components are under mains voltage. To somehow protect yourself, try to apply the phase to the resistor R1, and zero to the common wire.
To power a chandelier, voltages from 25 kilovolts to 30 kilovolts are required, and if used in rooms with high ceilings, then the voltage must be raised to 50 kilovolts. To provide this voltage, you need a multiplier consisting of at least 6 diodes and 6 capacitors. Only in this case it is possible to obtain the necessary voltage. In this regard, it immediately comes to mind to use a high-voltage multiplier, which is used in kinescope-type TVs. I also thought for a long time how to adapt it to Chizhevsky's chandelier. But, unfortunately, plus voltage is applied to the aquadag of the kinescope. And in order for us to get negative air ions, we need to apply to the chandelier, namely minus high voltage. And since all high-voltage diodes and capacitors are filled with one compound, the polarity cannot be reversed. So I took a few voltage multipliers from the TV and with the help of light hammer blows tried to break them and remove the capacitors and diodes. To some extent, I succeeded. Where the outputs came off at the root, they had to be soldered. Some fragments of the compound had to be turned on sandpaper. As donors, I used the following voltage multipliers UN 8.5 / 25-1.2-A:
As a result, I got this multiplier. A piece of plexiglass was taken as a basis and high-voltage diodes and capacitors were fixed with wire clamps:
In order not to be mistaken with the polarity of high-voltage diodes, and to connect them correctly according to the circuit, it is necessary to know in which direction each high-voltage diode conducts current. Unfortunately, this cannot be checked with a multimeter, since each diode consists of a large number of washers, single diodes, the internal resistance of each diode is very high and the multimeter will show infinity. To get out of this situation, you need to use a megger. But first, using a conventional diode, you need to determine on which terminals the megger has a plus, on which a minus. Then ring each high-voltage diode and mark plus or minus on it. After that, it will not be difficult to connect capacitors and diodes in one circuit so that we get a high voltage:
Of course, to avoid all this hemorrhoids, you can use normal high-voltage diodes such as KTs201G - KTs201E or D1008. But, unfortunately, it is simply impossible to find them in my backwoods, and at that time in Soviet times it was simply impossible to order via the Internet. Therefore, I decided to use this extraordinary method of mining high-voltage diodes and capacitors.
Both assembled boards must be placed in some kind of case. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the condition - to place a high-voltage voltage multiplier at a certain distance from the converter itself. Especially the region of the diode VD8 and the capacitor C6, since this place will have the highest voltage, and an unauthorized breakdown may occur.
The time has come to talk about the manufacture of the chandelier itself for the ionizer. For effective air ionization, it is necessary to use pointed needles, which should be located on a certain plane. Of course, ideally one should use as much of the emitted surface area as possible. As a base for a chandelier, you can use an aluminum hula-hoop hoop with a diameter of up to 1 m. But you must admit that it would be impractical to have such a large chandelier in an apartment, and it will take up a lot of space. Therefore, I decided to make it more compact, since the main thing in a chandelier is the value of high voltage, but still the area is secondary. The main thing to follow the rule is the presence of pointed needles. As a result, I got this design:
In the manufacture of this Chizhevsky chandelier, I followed this scheme:
The base of the perimeter was made of copper wire with a diameter of 2.4 mm. Then a wire with a diameter of 1 mm was stretched mutually perpendicular. The result is such a grid with cells of 35 mm. Then, sharp needles 45 mm long were soldered into each knot resulting in a grid. I chopped the needles with a chisel, from a motorcycle cable that is used for clutch. Of course, you can use factory needles with a ring, but it seemed to me that they would be painfully hard, not so elastic. Since the needles are made of steel, it is not so easy to solder them. So that soldering does not cause difficulties, the tip of each needle must first be irradiated with soldering acid, and if you do not have it, then with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin):
After making the Chizhevsky chandelier, it was the turn to test it. To do this, take the emitter itself, hang it from the ceiling. I hang it to the lighting chandelier, about 1 m below it. To isolate the emitter, you need to hang the chandelier itself on a fishing line. We connect a high-voltage wire from a high-voltage converter to the center of the chandelier. Also, in my opinion, power should be supplied to the chandelier according to the following scheme: we supply the phase to the resistor R1, and zero to the common wire. In my opinion, this is especially important in an apartment of a reinforced concrete building, since the reinforcement of concrete slabs, in fact, is the ground, and the radiation will be more efficient if the mains supply zero is supplied to a common wire, in general, as indicated in the diagram:
Then we supply mains power to the high-voltage converter, and check the chandelier in action. During its operation, no odors should be emitted, especially ozone, as well as light gases during corona, which can occur with poor insulation of high-voltage capacitors or diodes. If you raise your hand from the side of the needles, you feel a slight chill already from a distance of about 20 cm. Honestly, this is an indescribable feeling when there is no wind, but it seems that there is. If the light is completely turned off in the apartment, then at the tip of each needle you can see a luminous point through which the discharge occurs. If you bring a low voltage indicator from the bottom of the chandelier, then the gas discharge lamp in this indicator starts to glow from 80 cm, and if you bring the indicator closer and closer, then it flares up brighter.
Although the voltage on the chandelier reaches 30 kW, the current is very small, and it cannot harm others. In order for us to indirectly verify the magnitude of the high voltage, we need to bring a metal object, firmly holding it in our hand and evaluate the magnitude of the discharge. By the length of the arc, one can indirectly judge the magnitude of the voltage by adopting a simple formula that there are 10 kilovolts of voltage per 1 cm, respectively, for 30 kilovolts, a distance of about 30 mm is needed, which I did:
As you can see, the breakdown voltage is at least 25 mm, respectively, the work of the chandelier will be effective. Practice has shown that it is for this Chizhevsky chandelier, which we made with our own hands, of a small area, that this high-voltage converter is quite effective. The heating of the resistor R1 is not so great, it is barely warm. The B51 ignition coil is generally cold. Diodes and capacitors of the voltage multiplier are barely perceptibly warm. Since the therapeutic effect of the use of the Chizhevsky chandelier occurs after 30 minutes, this converter can be used without fear of overheating, and much longer.
How much this device can be beneficial to health, or vice versa, it will harm, only time can show. So feel free to make a chandelier. I hope she gets healthier. Thank you all for reading to the end, see you again, goodbye to everyone.
Evgeny Sedov
When hands grow from the right place, life is more fun :)
Content
A device designed to ionize the air in a house is called a Chizhevsky lamp or chandelier. Such a device allows a modern person to feel like in the forest, to smell after a thunderstorm in his own apartment. The ionizer contributes to the improvement of conditions in many diseases, normalizes the body's metabolic processes. The chandelier cannot replace walks in the fresh air, but it is able to maintain the tone of an urban person who has not yet managed to get out into nature.
The human body cannot exist without air. Our health and well-being depend on its quality and composition. One of the components of air is ions that carry a positive or negative charge, which is determined by the number of electrons. To change the number of electrons in the air, use the Chizhevsky lamp - the first invented ionizer.
A modern apartment or house has a lot of equipment that brings comfort to residents, but saturates the air with positive oxygen ions. As a result, there is a deficit of negative charges. At the heart of the design of the Chizhevsky lamp, which can have a different design, is an electrode. When the chandelier is turned on, it generates electrons, which give the stream of particles in the air a negative charge. The development is designed to level the result of the impact of technology and give the air space a sufficient amount of negative ions, similar to the forest.
Ionization of air with the help of a chandelier is a process about the benefits of which scientists have not stopped arguing for more than half a century. With the necessary negative charges of oxygen ions, air masses are purified and disinfected from bacteria, but an excess of particles can harm living organisms. It is extremely difficult to achieve the optimal balance, so the question of the benefits and harms of the lamp is ambiguous. It has been established that air purification with the Chizhevsky device leads to the possibility of improving the condition of patients with certain diseases, among them:
The device has a positive effect on the healing process of wounds and burns. Air ionization will be useful in various infectious diseases. The device helps with general poor health, fatigue, weakness. Other positive effects of the chandelier on the body are also noted:
The many cases in which a chandelier can be beneficial do nothing to reduce the potential harm to the body from its use. Studies have shown that Chizhevsky's device can cause the following conditions:
The principle of operation of the Chizhevsky air ionizer is simple. The main element of the chandelier is the electrode. It is supplied with high voltage (20-30 kilovolts), generated in a system of two electrodes. They have a different radius, a needle is installed on the smaller of them. The second electrode is a wire through which voltage is transmitted. Electrons are shed from the surface of the needle, which collide with air molecules and form a negatively charged ion. When a person inhales air ions, they will transfer their charges to red blood cells, which will affect metabolic processes.
In order for the Chizhevsky air ionizer to benefit residents, the device should be used carefully. The first session should not exceed 30 minutes. Gradually, the duration of the chandelier increases to 3-4 hours a day. For urban residents, it is considered the norm if headache and dizziness occur during the first sessions. Unusually clean air can cause such sensations. Reduce the operating time of the chandelier to avoid negative consequences. There are a number of rules for installing a lamp:
You can make a Chizhevsky device yourself. To do this, you need a metal hoop, the diameter of which does not exceed one meter. Copper wires should be fixed on it with sagging (diameter - up to 1 mm, tinned). They must be placed mutually perpendicular at a distance of 35-45 mm from each other. Sharp metal needles are soldered to the intersection of the wires. You will also need to solder three copper wires with one end at an equal distance to the hoop, and connect the other ends together above it. A generator is connected to this connection.
There are several schemes for high-voltage power supplies for a Chizhevsky lamp, according to which even a novice radio enthusiast can assemble a device. For example, a chandelier circuit for ionization may consist of the following elements:
Manufacturers of chandeliers for ionization claim that there are no direct contraindications to the use of equipment. All prohibitions are set for reasons of safety and caution when using devices, and not because of ongoing research. There are theories according to which it is better not to heal with the help of Chizhevsky's scientific development with the following problems:
Before purchasing a chandelier for air ionization, be sure to read the data sheet of the device. The manufacturer must indicate the area for which the device is designed, operating voltage, power consumption, specific ionization. The parameters for choosing the area and power of the chandelier are simple and straightforward. You need to know the size of your premises and network performance. The operating voltage should vary between 20 and 30 kW. Specific ionization is a parameter that determines the operating time of the Chizhevsky device required to purify the air.
In online stores in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia, various Chizhevsky devices are sold, which differ in ion concentration, radiation voltage, design and the presence of additional options. Depending on these features, chandeliers can have different prices. You can buy Chizhevsky's device for ionization cheaply or expensively, choose according to the parameters, view its appearance from the photo, study the manufacturer's description, and then order delivery by mail.
I want to present to your attention my own development of an air ionizer. There are many devices in this segment, but a detailed analysis of the principle of operation and their schemes revealed that many of them are just a marketing ploy and do not bring any benefit.
In our time, when clean air has become a luxury and you can breathe it only far beyond the boundaries of megacities, this article is relevant. We all noticed that after a thunderstorm, the air becomes light, it is pleasant to breathe deeply, and if there were any ailments, then it immediately passed. This phenomenon was of interest to many scientists, but only one managed to get to the bottom of the truth. At the beginning of the 20th century, a brilliant Russian scientist invented a device resembling a chandelier and named after the inventor - the Chizhevsky chandelier. The ionizer generated only negatively charged ions, it is they that have a beneficial effect on the human body. The scientist put a lot of effort to prove his case and give the right to life to his device. They conducted a huge number of experiments and experiments on living organisms. According to the results of the research, the enormous benefits of an artificial ionizer were revealed both in agriculture (the volume of the crop where the device worked increased) and in medicine, providing a preventive and therapeutic effect on the human body. Chizhevsky published the results in his own book:
As can be seen from the table, the ionizer had a positive effect on all types of diseases.
Later, a new method of treatment appeared in medicine - aeroion therapy. The air in the room where the treatment is carried out is saturated with the device with light air ions, as a result of which it turns into healing and resembles the air after a thunderstorm.
Indications for use:
This is not a complete list of all indications for treatment.
Studies of air ions have been and are still being carried out by scientists from the Mordovian State University. N.P. Ogaryova, proving the benefits of this phenomenon, who also presented their devices to the public and who also destroyed marketing myths.
Scientists have proved such a phenomenon as a deficiency of air ions in the air, which has a deplorable effect on health. Experimental rats that breathed air without air ions became lethargic, weak, lost their reproductive function and eventually died on days 10-14 of the experiments. Alexander Leonidovich proposed an air ionification project in rooms, especially in the production workshops of factories and enterprises, because it is in such rooms that the smallest number of air ions is. But it hasn't gained much popularity.
The result of Chizhevsky's work was the worldwide recognition and implementation of the invention in all possible industries abroad. Foreign scientists tried to repeat the design of the Chizhevsky chandelier, but since the scientist did not sell his ideas, the creation of such an apparatus was not successful abroad. But over time, for some reason, attention to this discovery became less and less. And if you ask any passer-by if he has heard anything about the Chizhevsky chandelier, then the majority will give a negative answer, which is undeserved and very sad.
Let's move on to the technical part.
Physical principle of action:
Ionization occurs under the action of an electric field of high intensity, which appears in a system of two conductors (electrodes) of different sizes, near one electrode, with a small radius of curvature - a point, a needle.
The second electrode in such a system is the mains wire, the ground wire, the electrical network itself, radiators and heating pipes, plumbing, wall fittings, the walls themselves, floors, ceilings, cabinets, tables, and even the person himself. To obtain an electric field of high intensity, a high voltage of negative polarity must be applied to the tip.
In this case, electrons escape from the needle, which, colliding with an oxygen molecule, form a negative ion. those. The negative oxygen ion is an O2 oxygen molecule with an additional, free electron. It is this electron that will subsequently fulfill its favorable, positive role already in the blood of a living organism. These negative air ions will scatter from the tip, the needle to the second, positive electrode, in the direction of the electric field lines of force.
An electron that has left the metal of the tip can be accelerated by an electric field to such a speed that, colliding with an oxygen molecule, it knocks out another electron from it, which, in turn, can also accelerate and knock out another one, etc. Thus In this way, a stream can be formed, an avalanche of electrons flying from the tip to the positive electrode. Having lost their electrons, positive oxygen ions are attracted to the negative electrode - the needle, are accelerated by the field and, colliding with the metal of the tip, can knock out additional electrons. Thus, two opposite avalanche-like processes arise, which, interacting with each other, form an electric discharge in the air, which is called quiet.
This discharge is accompanied by a weak glow near the tip. This photoelectric effect arises due to the fact that some atoms receive energy from collisions with electrons that is insufficient for ionization, but transfers the electrons of these atoms to higher orbits. Passing back to a state of equilibrium, the atom emits excess energy in the form of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation - heat, light, ultraviolet radiation. Thus, a glow is formed at the tips of the needles, which can be observed in complete darkness. The glow intensifies, with an increase in the flow of electrons and ions, for example, when you bring your hand to the tips of the needles at a short distance of 1-3 cm. At the same time, you can still feel this flow - the ionic wind, in the form of a barely perceptible chill, a breeze.
Requirements for the device according to GOST.
1) The number of negatively charged particles created by the ionizer (measured in 1 cm 3) - concentration of air ions , is the main parameter of any ionizer. The values of the normalized indicators of the concentration of air ions and the unipolarity coefficient are given in the table (Table 2)
In order not to wash away the use of an air ionizer, it must be borne in mind that the indicator at a distance of 1 m must be no less than the indicator of the natural charge concentration in the air, i.e. 1000 ion / cm 3.
Therefore, it is advisable to increase the concentration index from 5000 ion/cm 3 . The maximum value is selected depending on the time of application of this ionizer.
2) Voltage on the emitter (ionizing electrode). Unit of measurement - kV
For household air ionizers, the voltage indicator should be in the range of 20 - 30 kV. If the voltage is less than 20 kV, then the use of such an air ionizer does not make sense, since ions begin to form steadily at a voltage of 20 kV. The use of an ionizer with a voltage of more than 30 kV in an apartment can lead to spark discharges that contribute to the formation of compounds harmful to the body, including ozone. Therefore, manufacturers' statements that the voltage is reduced to 5 kV and ions are produced are not appropriate. Science has proven it. There are also bipolar ionizers that produce both positive and negative ions. There will also be no useful effect from such devices, since according to the laws of physics it is known that the negative is attracted to the positive, forming a neutral, that is, zero charge. Therefore, such a device will simply turn your counter into an empty one, while not forming anything.
Instructions for use.
The device is completely safe for humans, despite the high voltage supplied to the emitter, so the current output level is limited to safe. However, you should not touch the included ionizer, as this leads to an unpleasant discharge of static electricity. Dangerous is the case when a person touches a simultaneously working device and a massive metal object (refrigerator, washing machine, safe, etc.).
The device can work continuously 24 hours a day. It should be noted that the concentration of negative oxygen air ions decreases with increasing distance from the emitter, as shown in the table. (Table 3)
Determining the dose of ionization, A.L. Chizhevsky used the concept of "biological unit of air ionization (BEA) - the number of air ions inhaled by a person in natural conditions per day." On average, a person receives 1 BEA per day at a concentration of negative oxygen ions (OIC) of 1 thousand/cm 3 . This dose is considered prophylactic, improving.
To get the number of air ions inhaled by a person under natural conditions per day - the biological unit of air ionization, it is enough to turn on the ionizer for the time indicated in line 3, depending on how far the person is from the device. In order to inhale the same amount of air ions that a person receives in 24 hours outside the city, for example, in the forest, it is enough to turn on the device for 20 minutes (0.3 h) per day, being at a distance of half a meter from the ionizer (first column of the table) , or for 1 hour a day at a distance of 1 meter (third column of the table), etc.
A.L. Chizhevsky took 20 BEA for a therapeutic dose. In the first procedures of aeroionotherapy, small concentrations of inhaled air ions are used. The duration of the average course is 20-30 procedures performed daily, starting from 10 minutes and ending with 30 minutes. A second course should be carried out no earlier than 2 months later.
Emitter according to Chizhevsky.
The figure shows a diagram of the original emitter of an artificial ionizer, which was used by the scientist.
Explanations for the figure, if for some reason it is not visible to someone:
1 - rim of an electro-fluvial chandelier; 2 - holder; 3 - extension; 3 - extension; 4 - holder bar; 5.7 - clamp; 6 - outer clamp; 8 - high-voltage insulator; 9 - locking screw; 10, 11 - screws ;12 - fastening to the ceiling.
The design proposed by Alexander Leonidovich looked like a chandelier. From the ceiling, on insulators, a frame made of a light metal rim was suspended - a ring with a diameter of 1000 mm, which was made mainly of a brass tube or steel. A wire with a diameter of 0.25-0.3 mm was stretched on this rim, perpendicular to each other with a step of 45 mm. After tension, the structure formed a part of a sphere (grid) protruding downward with a deflection arrow equal to 100 mm. At the intersection points of the wire, steel pins 300 mm long were soldered in the amount of 372 pieces. The chandelier is suspended on a porcelain high-voltage insulator from the ceiling of the room and connected to the busbar with the negative pole of the high voltage source, the second pole is grounded.
Creation of the device.
Analyzing articles and diagrams that are freely available on the Internet, the following general shortcomings were identified:
It's not a secret for anyone that old equipment is thrown out, and replaced by new devices with both more advanced functions of use and more perfect "stuffing". Old radio elements are replaced by new ones, which are not inferior in functionality, but on the contrary, are superior to the progenitors; their dimensions are reduced - which entails a reduction in the dimensions of the overall design of the device. For example, massive color televisions, which are based on a cathode ray tube (kinescope), over time were squeezed out by new, more compact LCD and plasma televisions.
Obsolete equipment is thrown into the landfill, despite the fact that the internal component of these devices is a unique value.
Analyzing the circuits of high-voltage power supplies and their principle of operation, it was revealed that the main component of all devices is a high-voltage transformer and a separate voltage multiplier from old black-and-white TVs. Such transformers and multipliers needed to be improved and occupied a significant place in the design of the device. To follow the modern trend of compactness while maintaining all the functionality, the eye fell on more modern, but also outdated TVs and monitors with a color cathode ray tube of the late 90s and early 2000s.
Compared to older devices of this type, progress in the design of color devices has brought a lot of new things both in terms of functionality and in terms of dimensions. The most important hardware unit, the horizontal transformer, was subjected to research. This device is responsible for increasing the voltage by several tens of kV, without which thermionic emission cannot exist in a cathode ray tube.
Having dismantled several monitors of that generation, decommissioned for recycling, a horizontal transformer was removed, which was subjected to detailed study and analysis.
Transformer brand FBT FKG-15A006. In the design, you can see a high-voltage massive wire that connects to the kinescope. By its size, this line transformer is much more compact than the transformers of previous generations (in the photo, the transformer has already been converted to work):
But in order, how it was done.
Before starting work, a diagram of this transformer was found:
Analysis of the circuit showed that in its structure the transformer contains two isolated windings. As part of the high-voltage winding, powerful high-voltage diodes were used, as well as a high-voltage capacitor. What was unique was that this design contained important components: two primary windings, a high-voltage winding, which included high-voltage multiplication. And the compact case in which the structure is placed is a great advantage over the well-known circuits, where a larger transformer and a voltage multiplier were used separately.
For this experiment, the following were used: a sound generator with a sinusoidal pulse, a horizontal transformer, an oscilloscope for a rough estimate of the voltage on the windings and observation of the type of signal, a millivoltmeter for taking accurate readings of the winding voltages.
The set parameters of the sound generator: current form - sine, frequency - 20 kHz, amplitude - 1 V.
The research results are presented in the table (Table 4):
It is also important to find the main characteristic of any transformer - the transformation ratio. The transformation ratio is found by the formula:
where U 2 is the voltage on the secondary winding of the transformer, U 1 is the voltage on the primary winding of the transformer. For this transformer, the transformation ratio was k = 30 * 10 3 /4 = 7.5 * 10 3. If the transformation ratio is greater than one, then such a transformer is considered step-up, which in reality it is.
2. Checking the power of high-voltage diodes.
In order to understand which diodes are used in the design and determine their load parameters, as well as determine the performance, the following study was made.
By shorting the positive discharge high-voltage wire to the ground loop, thereby turning the negative wire into a positive one, by connecting the built-in high-voltage capacitor to it, the transformer polarity was changed. Then, by connecting the now positive wire to a power source of about 100 V, and connecting an ammeter in series to the negative wire, they began to smoothly apply voltage to the power source. The operation of the diodes occurred at a voltage of 38 V, which confirmed such facts as: 1) the diodes are operational; 2) the diodes are powerful and such a diode assembly is suitable for further research.
Summing up the results of the experiment, an important discovery was made: for the further invention and operation of the ionizer prototype, it is quite easy to change the polarity of the high-voltage winding, which eliminates the violation of the integrity of the transformer case. This is another big plus compared to using a voltage multiplier, where you had to break the epoxy resin case, which is quite problematic, and manually change the polarity by soldering the required wires.
Thanks to the data obtained during the experiments, a work plan was outlined for the modernization of the fkg15a006 line transformer. The design provides for two trimmer resistors, which were not needed for further work and were carefully removed by sawing with a diamond disc. The saw cut was isolated and sealed with decorative plastic. Next, the high-voltage wire was shortened to the very base and connected to the minus of the transformer. The pin of the built-in high voltage capacitor is connected to pin 8, which is now a plus. Extra contacts were removed and insulated. Epoxy resin, which is a good dielectric, acted as an insulator. After the resin had dried, the excess was removed mechanically.
The ingenious idea of the engineer, who was able to accommodate a rich internal set of elements and the presence of series-connected diodes in the secondary winding, made it easy, with the least expenditure of effort and money, to make the necessary changes. What was a useless material to be discarded due to obsolescence turned out to be a device unique in its structure. Therefore, before throwing out the old equipment, it is worth thinking about other possible areas of application of the components of this apparatus. After all, a lot of interesting and useful things can be made from waste and improvised material. This is exactly what this work shows.
Schematic diagrams for controlling a horizontal transformer
For the operation of the transformer with maximum efficiency, the known schemes that are common on the Internet were not suitable. Moreover, after the analysis, obvious serious shortcomings were revealed. Given these disadvantages, three unique, independent of each other, schemes not previously seen on the Internet, were developed.
Circuit on two dinistors
Consider connecting a dinistor to an AC power supply through a diode bridge.
After two half-wave rectifiers, a pulsating voltage appears or is otherwise called constant.
Full-wave rectification is interesting in that the voltage starts from zero, reaches a maximum value, and again drops to zero. In this case, when the voltage drops to zero, it means that with any operation of the dinistor, it will always close.
Depending on the RC circuit, the process of charging the capacitor changes. You can choose τ - the chain constant, which is equal to the product R * C, so that the dinistor will open when the voltage on the capacitor reaches a value that will certainly exceed the opening voltage of the dinistor.
For the dinistor to work correctly, the dinistor opening voltage should be noted on the graph. Let's say U peak \u003d 310V, and the opening voltage of the DB3 dinistor is 30 V.
The opening voltage can be achieved at different points on the graph: both from 30 V to the peak - 310 V, and beyond the peak, when the graph has gone down and the half-cycle voltage tends to zero. Everything depends on the chain constant τ. But it is desirable that the opening voltage occur at the peak of the capacitor charging.
To set a certain τ, a constant value capacitor is set, since the resistor is easier to choose. The half-cycle time can be easily found. Let's say one half cycle is 10 ms. Then at the peak of the half-cycle τ will be 5 ms. Knowing the capacitance of the capacitor and the required value of the constant chain τ, which must be achieved for the earliest operation of the dinistor, you can find the desired resistance from the previously known formula τ \u003d R * C.
The larger the value of the capacitor is charged, the greater its energy, which is given to the primary coil of the transformer. That is, the amount of energy is proportional to the square of the voltage across a given capacitor and is directly proportional to the capacitance of the capacitor. In this way we can deliver more energy to the coil and get a higher voltage on the secondary winding.
Circuit description:
This circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a low-resistance resistor, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, a timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1 , two KN102I dinistors, a diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.
Principle of operation:
In this circuit, dinistors of domestic production KN102I are used. It is these dinistors, since they have no foreign analogues and can withstand currents up to 10 A. We achieve the optimal constant circuit (τ = 2.8 ms), at which the capacitor is charged to the maximum voltage. Capacitor C 1 is charged along the circuit: plus of the diode bridge, resistor R 3, capacitor C 1, primary winding of the transformer, minus of the diode bridge. The use of two dinistors increases the charge voltage of the capacitor (up to 220V). At a given maximum capacitor charge voltage, the opening voltage of the dinistor is reached. When the dinistor is opened, the capacitor is discharged through the primary winding, as a result of which an oscillatory process occurs in the form of damped oscillations. An alternating damped voltage appears, which is transformed by a transformer. Only alternating voltage can be transformed, since the transformer is high-frequency (oscillation frequency 20 kHz). After transformation, the voltage is increased by a secondary high-voltage coil and rectified by a diode assembly, which is located in the case of a line transformer.
Diode VD1 is a kind of filter that conducts only negative half-waves of all-frequency oscillations, thereby achieving both positive and negative oscillations in the circuit.
The performance of the circuit was 24500 ions/cm 3 .
This circuit is almost identical to the previous one, with the exception of the thyristor, which is replaced here with one of the dinistors and the addition of a second timing chain R 3 and a capacitor C 1 that serves to tune the dinistor.
Circuit description:
The circuit consists of a fuse, which was taken as a resistor with low resistance, a voltage divider consisting of two series-connected resistors connected to the power inputs of the 220 V network, a diode bridge, which is a full-wave rectifier, two timing circuits R 3 , C 1 and R 4 , C 2 , one DB3 dinistor connected to the control electrode circuit of the thyristor, thyristor, diode connected in parallel and outputs to the transformer winding.
Principle of operation:
In the circuit, a dinistor is used as a pulse to the control electrode of the thyristor. Similarly to the previous scheme, for a given dinistor, the circuit constant τ 1 is calculated, it is configured in such a way that the dinistor opens when the maximum charging current is reached on the capacitor C 1. As an actuator, a thyristor is used, which passes a current through itself of a much larger value compared to two dinistors. A feature of this circuit is that the capacitor C 2 is first charged to the maximum value, which is set by the timing chain R 4 *C 2 . And already after C 2, the capacitor C 1 begins to charge. The thyristor will be closed until τ 1 of the timing chain R 3 *C 1 opens the dinistor, after which a pulse is applied to the control electrode of the thyristor to open the latter. This radio engineering solution is used to ensure that the capacitor C 2 can be charged to its full maximum, thereby giving up its energy as much as possible when discharging to the primary winding of the transformer. When C 2 is discharged, an oscillatory circuit appears, similar to the previous circuit, thereby forming an oscillatory process, which is transformed by the transformer.
To obtain positive and negative waves on the transformer, a VD3 diode is connected in parallel, which passes only one type of wave.
The performance of the circuit was 28,000 ions/cm 3 .
Circuit description:
This circuit allows you to transfer the operation of a horizontal transformer from a constant supply, i.e. from batteries, thereby allowing you to make the ionizer mobile. The consumed current is in the range of 100 - 200 mA, which is quite small, providing continuous operation on one battery for 1-2 months (depending on the capacity of the battery).
Principle of operation:
A standard transistor multivibrator is used as a master oscillator, which generates an oscillation frequency of the order of 20 kHz. The generation frequency is set by timing chains. In this scheme, there are two of them: R 2, C 3 and R 3, C 2. The oscillation period of this multivibrator is T=τ 1 +τ 2 , where τ 1 = R 2* C 3 , τ 2 = R 3* C 2 . The multivibrator is symmetrical if τ 1 =τ 2 . If we look at the output voltage waveform of any collector of the transistor, we will see a signal that is almost close to a rectangular one. But it's not actually rectangular. This is explained by the fact that the multivibrator has two states of quasi-equilibrium: in one of them, the transistor VT1 is open by the base current and is in saturation, and the transistor VT2 is closed (is in the cutoff state). Each of these states of quasi-equilibrium is unstable, since the negative potential based on the closed transistor VT1, as the capacitor C3 charges, tends to the positive potential of the power source Up (charging the capacitor C2 is faster than discharging the capacitor C3):
At the moment when this potential becomes positive, the state of quasi-equilibrium is violated, the closed transistor opens, the open one closes, and the multivibrator goes into a new state of quasi-equilibrium. At the output, almost rectangular pulses Uout are formed with a duty cycle N ≈2.
But in this circuit, the signal shape can be neglected, since further along the circuit are transistor switches VT3 and VT4, which operate at a low voltage level. These transistors provide a near-rectangular waveform. If the ratio of the period T to τ is equal to two, then this type of signal is called a meander. The current flows, if the transistors VT3 and VT4 are open, from the plus of the power source, through the primary winding of the transformer, transistor VT4, minus the power source. But after a half-cycle, the transistor VT2 closes, which means that VT3 and VT4 are instantly closed. In this case, there is a sharp change in current from the maximum value, which is determined by the voltage of the power source and the ohmic resistance of the primary winding of the line transformer, from a few amperes to a certain minimum value. As a result of this phenomenon, induction emf occurs in the winding. And the magnetic flux is directly proportional to the magnetizing force, that is, the current that flows through the transistor VT4, multiplied by the number of turns ω. stop current. The faster the transistor opens and closes, the faster the current in the circuit changes. Since a large EMF occurs on the primary winding, on the order of more than 100 V, high-voltage transistors were also used.
The performance of the circuit was 26700 ions/cm 3 .
All circuits are assembled on a circuit board, since at the time of creation it was not possible to get hold of foil textolite. I'll add the PCB layout later.
Any uniformly smooth insulated metal of arbitrary shape can be used as a radiator. As they say, there is no friend for taste and color, and here the shape of the emitter can be arbitrary.
While there is no photo of the finished device, I want to add a remote control function and a countdown timer for the operation of the device for ease of use. All this will be placed in the body of the wall lamp, the emitter will be the floor lamp itself, while the main function of the wall lamp will remain - the light, which will also be turned on through the control panel.
Summing up, I would like to note that the presented schemes differ from others known for their simplicity in execution, but more efficient in operation; small, compact size, with low power consumption, and most importantly, anyone who is friends with a soldering iron can assemble these circuits, since all the parts are not in short supply, some are even thrown out (such as a horizontal transformer).
May clean, fresh, healthy air come to your home. But before using, consult your doctor.
Below is a video of the operation of a horizontal transformer from two different circuits. Since it was not possible to measure the high voltage, an impromptu voltmeter was taken as a voltage measurement - a breakdown in air. It is known that 1 cm of breakdown in air is equal to about 30 kV, which clearly shows the operation of a horizontal transformer and that air ions are generated at a given voltage.
Bibliography:
| Designation | Type | Denomination | Quantity | Note | Shop | My notepad | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circuit on two dinistors | |||||||
| VS1, VS2 | Thyristor & Triac | KN102I | 2 | To notepad | |||
| VD1 | Diode Bridge Bl2w10 | 1000 V. 2A | 1 | To notepad | |||
| VD2 | rectifier diode | SF18 | 1 | To notepad | |||
| C1 | Capacitor | 470 pF | 1 | To notepad | |||
| R1, R2 | Resistor | 36-50 kOhm | 2 | To notepad | |||
| R3 | Resistor | 6-7.5 kOhm 2 W | 1 | To notepad | |||
| Line transformer | fkg-15a006 | 1 | To notepad | ||||
| FU1 | Fuse Resistor | 47 ohm | 1 | To notepad | |||
| Scheme on a thyristor with a control electrode | |||||||
| VD1 | Diode bridge | DB107 | 1 | To notepad | |||
| VD2 | rectifier diode | FR152 | 1 | To notepad | |||
| VD3 | rectifier diode | SF18 | 1 | To notepad | |||
| VS1 | Dinistor | 1 | To notepad | ||||
| VS2 | Thyristor | BT151-500C | 1 | ||||
Introduction
All human life is inextricably linked with atmospheric air. Moreover, for normal life, it must satisfy many parameters. Temperature, humidity, pressure, percentage of carbon dioxide, degree of pollution, and so on.
If they deviate from the norm, a person’s ability to work, well-being and health in general may worsen ...
We all know that after a thunderstorm the air becomes very "fresh" - unusually clean and light.
The thing here is that during lightning discharges, the air is abundantly saturated negatively charged oxygen molecules - air ions.
For the first time, a Russian scientist began to study the effect of negative air ions on the human body. Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky in the 20s of the last century (by the way, he called them that ...) and found out that it is they who have a positive effect on well-being and even more: they also have some healing properties.
Prototype of the first chandeliers Chizhevsky appeared in the 1920s. It was something like an ordinary chandelier suspended from the ceiling, but emitting not light but negatively charged oxygen ions. the principle of operation of the device was based on the creation of a high intensity field using parallel conductors under high voltage (20 ... 30 kV).
In this high-voltage field, the formation of negatively charged oxygen ions took place.
The device looked like this:
Well, in general, everyone has already guessed that we are talking about an ordinary ionizer, which is proposed to be repeated with your own hands.
By the way: it would be extremely interesting for all of us to look at the finished product and we would be very grateful if those who assembled the Chizhevsky chandelier would share with us all on
The efficiency of the air ionizer largely depends on the design of the "chandelier". Therefore, special attention should be paid to its manufacture.
The basis of the "chandelier" is a light metal rim (for example, a standard hula hoop gymnastic ring) with a diameter of 750 ... 1000 mm, on which bare or tinned copper wires with a diameter of 0 are pulled along mutually perpendicular axes with a step of 35 ... 45 mm .6...1.0 mm. They form part of the sphere - a grid sagging down. Needles no more than 50 mm long and 0.25 ... 0.5 mm thick are soldered into the grid nodes. It is desirable that they be sharpened as much as possible, since the current coming from the tip increases, and the possibility of the formation of a harmful by-product - ozone - decreases. It is convenient to use pins with a ring, which are usually sold in stationery stores.
Three copper wires with a diameter of 0.8 ... 1 mm are attached to the rim of the "chandelier" through 120 °, which are soldered together above the center of the rim. A high voltage is applied to this point. For the same point, the "chandelier" is attached with a fishing line with a diameter of 0.5 ... 0.8 mm to the ceiling or bracket at a distance of at least 150 mm.
A voltage converter is needed to obtain a high voltage of negative polarity that feeds the "chandelier". The absolute value of the voltage must be at least 25 kV. Only at such a voltage is sufficient "survivability" of air ions ensured, which ensures their penetration into the lungs of a person.
For a room such as a classroom or a school gym, the voltage of 40 ... 50 kV is optimal. It is not difficult to obtain this or that voltage by increasing the number of multiplier stages, but one should not get carried away with high voltage too much, since there is a danger of a corona discharge, accompanied by the smell of ozone and a sharp decrease in the efficiency of the installation.
The diagram of the simplest voltage converter is shown in fig. 2a. Its feature is direct power supply from the network.
The device works like this. During the positive half-cycle of the mains voltage, capacitor C1 is charged through the resistor R1, the diode VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer T1. The trinistor VS1 is closed in this case, since there is no current through its control electrode (the voltage drop across the diode VD2 in the forward direction is small compared to the voltage required to open the trinistor).
With a negative half-cycle, the diodes VD1 and VD2 close. At the cathode of the trinistor, a voltage drop is formed relative to the control electrode (minus - at the cathode, plus - at the control electrode), a current appears in the control electrode circuit and the trinistor opens. At this moment, the capacitor C1 is discharged through the primary winding of the transformer. A high voltage pulse appears in the secondary winding (step-up transformer). And so - every period of mains voltage.
High voltage pulses (they are two-sided, since when the capacitor is discharged, damped oscillations occur in the primary winding circuit) are rectified by a rectifier assembled on VD3-VD6 diodes. A constant voltage from the output of the rectifier is supplied (through the limiting resistor R3) to the ionizer- "chandelier".
Resistor R1 can be made up of three MLT-2 connected in parallel with a resistance of 3 kOhm, and R3 - of three or four MLT-2 connected in series with a total resistance of 10 ... 20 MΩ. Resistor R2 - MLT-2. Diodes VD1 and VD2 - any others for a current of at least 300 mA and a reverse voltage of at least 400 V (VD1) and 100 V (VD2). Diodes VD3-VD6 can be, in addition to those indicated in the diagram, KTs201G-KTs201E. Capacitor C1 - MBM for a voltage of at least 250 V, C2-C5 - POV for a voltage of at least 10 kV (C2 - at least 15 kV). Of course, other high-voltage capacitors for voltages of 15 kV or more are also applicable. Trinistor VS1 - KU201K, KU201L, KU202K-KU202N. Transformer T1 is a B2B ignition coil (6 V) from a motorcycle, but you can also use another one, for example, from a car.
Install a "chandelier" at a distance of at least 800 mm from the ceiling, walls, lighting fixtures and 1200 mm from the location of people in the room.
Device setup is not required - with proper assembly, it starts working immediately.
The only thing worth paying attention to is the following:
1. The volume of the room. If the size of the room exceeds 20 sq.m, then it is desirable to increase the voltage at the output of the multiplier by adding another bridge of a diode and a capacitor (picture "b" in Fig. 2).
2. It is not advisable to install the ionizer near electronic devices and metal structures. The ionizer can cause a build-up of static electricity, which is fraught with consequences.
3. It is recommended to turn on the Chizhevsky chandelier for no more than 30 minutes (for residential premises).
Sources:
1. Ivanov B. "Chizhevsky's chandelier" - do it yourself. - Radio, 1997, N 1, p. 36, 37.
2.Ivanov B.S. Electronics in homemade products. - M.: DOSAAF, 1975 (2nd ed. - DOSAAF, 1981).
Laboratory analysis showed that the air in forests, fields and meadows contains from 700 to 1500 negatively charged air ions per cubic centimeter. The more these particles are in the air, the more useful it is for breathing by living organisms. In modern apartments, the number of air ions is reduced to 25 per cubic centimeter. This is practically on the verge of a minimum for the normal functioning of life processes. Indirectly, this manifests itself in rapid fatigue, constant ailments and constant painful conditions. You can increase the number of air ions in the apartment with the help of a device - an air ionizer, or an ionizer, or if it's quite simple - Chizhevsky's Chandeliers.
The main element of the Chizhevsky chandelier is a light aluminum rim with a diameter of about a meter, on which bare copper wires with a diameter of not more than 1 mm are placed every 3-5 centimeters parallel to each other. This design is a mesh, needles with a maximum length of 5 centimeters and a thickness of half a centimeter are soldered in the nodes of the mesh. It is desirable, even to sharpen them, to increase the incoming current, you can use Soviet pins with a ring.
Three copper wires 1 mm in diameter are attached to the rim of Chizhevsky's invention at 120 degrees, which are connected by soldering at one point, right above the center of the rim. High voltage is applied to this node. For the same place, the entire structure is attached to the ceiling bracket with plastic ties at a distance of at least 15 centimeters.
The voltage converter is used to create a high-voltage voltage of negative polarity with a nominal value of at least 25 kilovolts. Less is impossible, because the air ions will quickly disintegrate and will not have time to get into the lungs of a person. If the room is large enough, then it is better to use a voltage converter designed for 40 - 50 kilovolts.
A diagram of a very simple to repeat high-voltage voltage converter is shown in the diagram below. Its main feature is that it is powered by a standard AC mains.
The operation of the circuit diagram is as follows: during the flow of a positive half-cycle, the mains alternating voltage through the resistance R1, the diode VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer begins to charge the capacitance C1. The trinistor is locked at the initial moment, because the current does not flow through its control electrode.
With a negative half-wave of alternating voltage, the diodes VD1 and VD2 are locked, but the trinistor, on the contrary, will open. Capacitance C1 will begin to discharge through the primary winding of the transformer. A high voltage pulse will form in the secondary winding of the transformer, because we have a step-up transformer.
Then these pulses are rectified by a rectifier connected according to the classical scheme of a voltage multiplier on diodes VD3-VD6, and from their output a high voltage enters the ionizer.
Resistance R1 - 1 kOhm, and R3 - 10 ... 20 MΩ. Diodes - any for a current of at least 300 mA and a reverse voltage of 400 V (VD1) and 100 V (VD2). Trinistor KU201K, KU201L, KU202K-KU202N. The transformer is a 6 V B2B ignition coil from a Soviet motorcycle, but a car one is also suitable.
The Chizhevsky air ionizer does not require adjustment and starts working as soon as it is connected to the network. You can change the constant voltage at the output by selecting the resistance R1 or capacitance C1.
You can check the operation of the air ionizer with a small piece of cotton wool, because it should be attracted to the "chandelier" from a distance of about half a meter. The photo above shows a possible variant of a compact home-made ionizer, where ions spread from a metal plate. If you bring your hand ten centimeters to the needles, then you feel the effect of an electric field. During the operation of the ionizer, there should be no foreign odors, because all odors are an indirect sign of harmful gases that a properly working Chizhevsky chandelier should not have. It is worth noting that this design is worse than a fully functional chandelier.
In a positive half-wave, the voltage from the secondary winding of the first step-down transformer through the diode VD1 and the primary winding of the second transformer charges the capacitor C1. At this moment, the thyristor of the converter is closed, because no current flows through the second diode. In the negative half-wave, the thyristor opens through VD2, and the capacitance C1 begins to discharge through it and the primary winding of the second transformer, and an increased voltage appears on its secondary winding, which can be applied to the Chizhevsky chandelier through a high-voltage diode.
First transformer: PEL wire 0.2. Primary winding 2120 turns; secondary - 2120 turns; the third - 66 turns.
The ignition coil from Ural chainsaws was used as a step-up transformer.
A feature of this air ionizer circuit is the power supply from a constant voltage of 12 Volts, which makes it possible to use this ionizer in the car, and it is when driving through crowded city streets that a breath of fresh air is so necessary.
The timer chip generates rectangular pulses following the gate of the field-effect transistor, which opens or closes from them at a given frequency. Therefore, an alternating voltage is created on the primary, and then on the winding of the pulse transformer.
The field effect transistor must be high-voltage, if you cannot find the one on the diagram, then it can be replaced with an IRF740 or IRF840. We use the transformer from the horizontal scanning unit of the kinescope TV. On the free side of the core, we wind ten turns of copper wire with a diameter of 1 mm. And the secondary high-voltage winding is native to the lineman. High from the secondary winding of the transformer is rectified and charges the capacitance. The high-voltage diode can be replaced with a domestic KTs106G or KTs123.
