Obtaining and transforming information is a necessary condition for the life of any organism. Even the simplest unicellular organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable conditions for existence. Living beings are able not only to perceive information from the environment with the help of the senses, but also to exchange it among themselves. A person also perceives information through the senses, and languages are used to exchange information between people. During the development of human society, there were a lot of such languages. First of all, these are native languages (Russian, Tatar, English, etc.), which are spoken by numerous peoples of the world. The role of language for humanity is exceptionally great. Without it, without the exchange of information between people, the emergence and development of society would be impossible. Information processes are characteristic not only for wildlife, man, society. Mankind has created technical devices - automata, the work of which is also associated with the processes of receiving, transmitting and storing information. For example, an automatic device called a thermostat receives information about the room temperature and, depending on the temperature regime set by a person, turns on or off heating devices.
Actions performed with information are called information processes.
There are three types of information processes:
With the help of the senses, people perceive information, comprehend it, and based on their experience, knowledge, intuition, make certain decisions. These decisions translate into real actions that transform the world around us.
Information in society. Man is a social being, in order to communicate with other people, he must exchange information with them. In everyday life, the concept of "information" is used as a synonym for the words: information, message, awareness of the state of affairs.
Information processes take place not only in human society. Why do leaves fall in autumn, and all vegetation falls asleep during the cold season, and with the advent of spring, leaves and grass reappear? This is all the result of information processes. The cell of any plant perceives changes in the external environment and reacts to them.
Genetic information largely determines the structure and development of living organisms and is inherited. Genetic information is stored in the structure of DNA molecules. DNA molecules are made up of four different constituents (nucleotides) that form the genetic alphabet. information process cybernetics
In cybernetics (the science of control), the concept of "information" is used to describe control processes in complex dynamic systems (living organisms or technical devices).
The vital activity of any organism or the normal functioning of a technical device is associated with control processes, thanks to which the values of its parameters are maintained within the necessary limits. Management processes include receiving, storing, transforming and transmitting information. In any management process, there is always an interaction of two objects - the manager and the managed, which are connected by direct and feedback channels.
The direct communication channel transmits control signals, and the feedback channel transmits information about the state of the controlled object. Consider, as an example, controlling the temperature in a room using an air conditioner. The control object is a person, and the controlled object is an air conditioner. A thermometer can be placed in the room, which informs a person about the temperature in the room (feedback channel). When the temperature in the room rises or falls beyond certain limits, a person turns on the air conditioner (the direct communication channel works). Thus, the temperature in the room is maintained within a certain temperature range. Similarly, you can analyze the work of a person (control object) at a computer (managed object). A person with the help of the senses (sight and hearing) receives information about the state of the computer via a feedback channel using information output devices (monitor, speakers). This information is analyzed by a person who makes decisions about certain control actions that are transmitted to the computer via a direct communication channel using input devices (keyboard or mouse).
The definitions of information processes (IP) are not much less than the definitions of information. The very abundance of such definitions is convincing evidence of their shortcomings, showing their private nature, the orientation of each of them to a narrow range of tasks.
The process, in the most general case, is the course, the flow of a phenomenon, the successive change of its states. Artificially recreated processes have a utilitarian purpose, therefore they are understood as a set of consistent targeted actions (in accordance, for example, with DSTU 2938-94. Information processing systems. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions). The artificial implementation of the process involves the construction of technology, where the sequence of process operations is matched by a sequence of interrelated means for the implementation of these operations (an operation is understood here as a separate elementary (inseparable) action, a separate completed part of the process).
For a number of reasons, this article discusses not information technology, but IP. First, when developing a new information technology, you first need to determine exactly what kind of IP this technology will implement. Secondly, since only artificial implementations of processes are considered technologies, not all processes are implemented as technologies. And, most importantly, thirdly, different technologies can implement the same process using different means. And since the set of means for implementing each operation of the process is always open (without restrictions in principle), it is impossible to build a complete classification of technologies that implement even one process. Moreover, such classifications are always unproductive, unable to give anything essentially new, since they contain combinations of only known means of implementing operations.
At the same time, the set of processes consisting of a countable set of operations is also countable, i.e. provided that the set of all possible operations is determined, the construction of a complete classification of processes is a completely solvable problem.
To obtain a complete and productive classification that contains not only well-known, but also all possible (imaginable) IP, it is necessary to rely on the invariant properties (attributes) of any IP. The initial prerequisites for finding such attributes. IPs serve, firstly, the inseparability of information from subject-object relations, and, secondly, the fact that the most complete set of IPs is implemented in the subject itself (all artificially created IPs only reproduce, duplicate some IPs performed by the subject, it is the subject that sets programs for the functioning and management of artificial systems). Therefore, to find the attributes that define IP, it is necessary to investigate the subject and, in particular, its information activity.
How is it represented in society? What about technology? All these questions can be answered within the framework of this article.
Obtaining and converting data is necessary for the life of any arbitrary organism. Even the simplest unicellular organisms cannot do without it. So, they collect data on temperature, chemical composition of the environment in order to choose the most suitable conditions for their existence. Moreover, living beings can not only perceive information received from the environment through the senses, but also exchange it. This fully applies to humans as well. So, to receive data, sense organs are used, of which there are five, and the exchange is carried out using languages (gestures, natural, formal).
They can be carried out not only in wildlife (between people and in society in particular). Thus, mankind has created a variety of devices - machines. Their work is closely related to the processes of obtaining, storing and, for example, there is such an automatic device as a thermostat. He is working with information about the temperature of the room. Depending on the temperature regime set by the person and the situation that exists now, he can turn on / off the heaters. There are three types of information processes:
As you can see, the information of animate and inanimate nature has a lot in common. It should be said that a person is still more complexly organized than the same technique, although it may be difficult for some to believe in this. Thanks to the senses, we can perceive data, comprehend them and, by combining our experience, knowledge and intuition, make some decisions. They are then embodied in real actions, with the help of which the world around is changed.
This is a very interesting topic. The most significant repository in this case is the genome. It contains data that determine the structure and development. Genetic information is inherited. It is stored in DNA molecules. They are made up of four components called nucleotides. Together they form the genetic alphabet. When it comes to examples, it allows you to best present it. Separate areas are responsible for the structure and functioning of specific parts of the body. Genes determine the possibilities and predispositions for talents or hereditary diseases. The more complex an organism is, the more individual sections can be isolated in DNA molecules. Thus, the human genome has over 20 thousand genes, which contain over 3 billion nucleotide residues. continued for decades. Despite the widespread use of computer technology, the bulk of the work was completed only in the 2000s. But these are not the only possible examples of information in living nature. Let's think about trees and vegetation in general. By winter, they fall asleep, and wake up in the spring. This is the real transmission of information in wildlife: the cells of vegetation feel that conditions are changing, and begin to curtail their activity. A similar example can be given in the case of animals. So, look at the bears. The transmission of information in wildlife in this case is manifested in the fact that they accumulate fat, and when cold weather sets in, they fall into hibernation mode. Here the processes take place both at the level of the whole organism and individual systems. There is one interesting aspect that information has in wildlife. Informatics is the science that studies all processes related to data. Now this is understood mainly as a technical direction, and the biological one is almost not considered within its framework. For this, microbiology, biochemistry, biophysics and a number of other sciences that deal with processes in living organisms were specially created.
Man is a social being. To communicate with other people, you need to exchange data with them. In our society, there are such designations for them: communication, information, awareness of the state of affairs. What is interesting is that information processes are not the exclusive prerogative of human society. Why does the grass turn yellow by autumn, the leaves fall off and, in general, all the vegetation goes into sleep mode for the period of cold weather? And why is everything reborn in the spring? All this is the result of information processes that take place in plants. So, their cells can perceive changes that occur in the external environment and react accordingly.
Cybernetics deals with this area. In this science of management, it is used to describe organizational processes in various dynamic systems (which can be living organisms or technical devices). Their vital activity or normal functioning are closely connected with management processes. Therefore, all necessary processes are supported in the required range of parameter values. These include receiving, storing, transforming and transmitting information. In any process of this type, two objects always interact - the controlling and the controlled. They are connected by a direct and feedback channel. The first one transmits control signals. With their help, the control object is displayed on the required range of parameters. The feedback channel transmits information about the state and the current state of affairs.
Let's look at how this is done using the example of controlling the temperature in a room thanks to an air conditioner. In this case, a person acts as a control object. The air conditioner is controlled. A thermometer is placed in the room, which provides a person with data on the temperature value. This is a feedback channel. To increase or decrease the temperature, or change the range, a person can turn the air conditioner on or off. This is an example of how a feed-forward channel works. As a result, the temperature of the room is maintained in a certain range that is comfortable for a person. In a similar way, you can analyze the work at the computer. The man here again acts as a manager (and technology - controlled) object. Thanks to the senses (such as sight and hearing), information about the state of the computer is obtained through an information output device (monitor or speakers), which acts as a feedback channel. A person analyzes the received data and makes a decision to perform certain control actions. With the help of input devices (mouse or keyboard), which act as a direct communication channel, they are performed relative to the computer. You see what features the information of animate and inanimate nature has.
Separately, it is worth dwelling on those who provide the greatest interest - people. Regarding us, we can say that the most valuable thing, what makes us such highly organized beings, is human thinking. This is a very advanced information processing process - at the moment, the best on Earth. A person can act as a carrier of a large amount of data, which are presented as visual images, various facts, theories, and the like. The whole process of cognition, which proceeds almost continuously, consists in obtaining and accumulating information.
Cybernetics studies the technical aspects. In general, this direction is implemented within the framework of informatics, which deals with the study of data and all their features. But the peculiarity of cybernetics lies in the fact that this science specializes in managing the processes that take place. It explores the possibilities of influencing and carefully monitoring the movement of information and its optimization.
As you can see, there is information in wildlife, society, technology, ourselves - wherever you look, you can find it. It's impossible to do without it. And in the absence of part of the information, a person often experiences significant difficulties.
The tree perceives information about the state of the environment: air and soil temperature, daylight hours, and the intensity of sunlight. Such information serves as a signal for the occurrence of various physicochemical processes in cells, and therefore controls these processes.
The sound communication of insects has an amazing feature: despite numerous interferences (other sounds), they accurately select the desired signal and accurately determine its source. Imagine a summer afternoon in a meadow: the rustle of grass, the sounds made by various animals. All these sounds merge into a common orchestra. Selecting the desired sound is not an easy task, even for a technically advanced device. And the auditory organs of animals surpass the best technical devices and make it possible to distinguish all sounds.
Every 
th day you are faced with examples of the use of information processes in technology: using the remote control you select a television program, change the volume level of the TV, the operating mode of the VCR, using switches or a membrane keyboard, you set the operating mode of a microwave oven, an automatic washing machine, cell phone. When using the subway, you drop a token into the turnstile machine, which is checked for compliance. Information about the check is sent to a special device that opens the turnstile.
Information processes are closely related to the concept of "information technology". The word "technology" comes from the Greek "techne", which means "art", "skill", "skill". All these concepts are similar to each other. They can be viewed as a set of actions to achieve the goal, that is, as a process.
Familiarize yourself with the stages and fill in the main objectives of each of them:
1st stage(until the second half of the 19th century) - "manual" information technology (mail, typography), the main tool of which is a pen, inkwell and paper.
Target:
2nd stage(since the end of the 19th century) - "mechanical" technology. Basic instruments: typewriter, adding machine, telephone, telegraph, television, radio communication.
Target:
3rd stage(40-60s of the XX century) - "electrical" technology. Basic tools: large computers, electric typewriters, tape recorders, copiers.
Target:
4th stage(from the beginning of the 70s) - "electronic" technology. Basic tools: large computers.
Target:
5th stage(since the mid-80s) - "computer" technology, the main tool of which is a personal computer and computer networks.
Target:
Fill the gaps.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ plays a special role in the course of certain processes. With the help of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ people perceive information, comprehend it and, based on their experience, knowledge, intuition, make certain decisions. These decisions translate into real actions that have an impact on the world around us. The processes associated with the collection, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, search, processing, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and transmission of information, are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ processes. Information processes take place not only in human society, but also in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the plant world.
April 5, 2016Information processes in wildlife are much more common than it might seem at first glance. Falling leaves in autumn, germination of flowers in spring and other familiar phenomena are associated with them. The ability to store, transmit and receive information is one of the features of living matter. Without it, normal metabolism, adaptation to environmental conditions, learning, and so on are impossible. Information processes in inanimate nature also exist, but they differ in several features and, first of all, act as a measure of the orderliness of the system.
What is information? To date, there are several options for defining this term. Each science that deals with information (all sections of knowledge belong to this category) uses its own understanding. It is rather difficult to derive a general definition. Intuitively, each person understands information as some information and knowledge about the surrounding world. In the mathematical sciences, data obtained by inference and after solving certain problems are added to them. In physics, information is a measure of the orderliness of a system, it is the opposite of entropy and is inherent in any material objects. In philosophy, it is defined as an intangible form of movement.
According to most formulations, information reduces uncertainty by providing information about the world around it and by helping to bring the system into one of many states. This is easy to understand by analyzing the decision-making process. A person often cannot make a choice between several behaviors until he receives additional information about the situation. In order for the information to lead to the correct decision, it must have a set of characteristics, such as:
All the diverse actions that can be performed with information are called information processes. These include receiving and searching, transferring and copying, organizing and filtering, protecting and archiving.
Information processes in wildlife are found literally at every step. Any organism, unicellular or multicellular, constantly receives information about the environment, which leads to various changes in behavior or internal environment. Without the collection, processing and storage of information, it is difficult to imagine the life of any creature. The simplest example is human thinking. At its core, it is nothing more than a process of constantly processing information about the environment, the state of the body, as well as information stored in memory, and so on.
All examples of information processes in nature occur within a certain system. It includes three components:
The transmitter can be any organism or environment. For example, the contraction or expansion of the pupil occurs under the influence of light. The source of information in this process is the space around a person or animal. The recipient in this case will be the retina.
A communication channel is a medium that ensures the delivery of information. In this capacity, a sound or visual wave, as well as oscillatory movements of a medium of a different nature, can act.
The whole set of actions that can be performed with information is combined into several categories:
The computer is a great example of the flow of information processes. He receives data and, processing them, gives out the necessary information or changes the operation of the system, searches for the necessary facts according to specified criteria, serves either as a source or as a receiver of information. The prototype of the computer is the human brain. It also constantly interacts with the information flow, however, the processes taking place in its depths are many times more complex than those inherent in the machine.
As mentioned above, information processes in nature proceed in a system consisting of a source, a channel, and a receiver. In the process of transmission, data in the form of a set of signals through the channel gets to the recipient. At the same time, the physical meaning of the signals is often not identical to the meaning of the message. An agreed set of rules and conventions is used to correctly interpret the information. They are necessary for the same understanding of the content of the message at all stages of working with it. These rules include decoding Morse code and other similar systems, rules for reading road signs, alphabets, and so on. 
Using the example of any language, it is easy to see that the meaning of information depends not only on the characteristics of the signals, but also on their location. In this case, the meaning of the same transmitted message each time may be slightly modified depending on the characteristics of the recipient. If information is transmitted to a person, their interpretation is determined by various factors, from his life experience to the physiological state. In addition, the same message can be transmitted in different ways, using different alphabets, language systems or communication channels. So, you can focus on something with the help of the inscription “Attention!”, Using red or a few exclamation marks.
The study of information processes includes the study of such a concept as noise. It is believed that if the message does not carry useful information, then it carries noise. In this way, not only information that is absolutely useless from a practical point of view can be determined, but also messages consisting of signals that the recipient is not able to interpret. Noise can also be called data that has lost its relevance. That is, any information over time or due to various circumstances can turn into noise. The reverse process is no less probable. For example, a text in Icelandic will be useless to a person who is not familiar with it and becomes meaningful if a translator or dictionary appears.
Information processes in society do not fundamentally differ from those at other levels of the organization. The storage, transmission and processing of information in society is carried out through special social institutions and mechanisms. One of the functions of society is the transmission of knowledge. It is provided by the transmission of information from generation to generation. In a sense, this process is analogous to copying hereditary material.
Information processes in society ensure its cohesion. The lack of transfer of accumulated knowledge, including about norms and laws, leads to the division of a single formation into individuals acting only on the basis of biologically embedded prerequisites.
In a society, as well as in a separate organism, it is difficult to imagine the transfer of information without its storage. Databases, libraries, archives and museums contain a huge amount of information. Often, before passing them on to students, teachers are engaged in information processing. They classify, filter data, select individual facts according to the curriculum, and so on.
History knows several cardinal changes associated with the processing of information and led to an increasing accumulation of knowledge. Such information revolutions include the invention of writing, printing, computers, the discovery of electricity. The invention of the computer was a logical consequence of the accumulation of knowledge. The computer is capable of containing and processing huge amounts of information, storing them and transmitting them without loss.
Information coming from the environment can be perceived not only by people. Animals and plants, individual cells and microorganisms pick up signals and react to them in one way or another. Leaves fall in autumn and shoots grow in spring, a dog adopts a certain pose when an opponent approaches, releases the necessary substances into the cytoplasm of an amoeba ... All these phenomena of living nature are examples of changes in the system after information has been received.
In the case of plants, the environment becomes the source of information. The transfer of information is also carried out between tissue cells. The animal world is characterized by the exchange of information from individual to individual.
One of the key points in wildlife is the transmission of hereditary information. In this process, one can isolate the source (DNA and RNA), the alphabet with a set of rules for reading it (genetic code: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), the stage of information processing (DNA transcription), and so on.
The topic "Information Processes" is one of the leading topics in cybernetics. This is the science of management and communication in society, wildlife and technology. Norbert Wiener is considered the founder of cybernetics. The study of information processes in this science is necessary to understand the features of managing a particular system. In cybernetics, a control and a controlled object are distinguished. They communicate through direct and feedback. From the control object (for example, a person) signals (information) are sent to the controlled object (computer), as a result of which the latter performs some actions. Then, through the feedback channel, the manager receives information about the changes that have occurred.
Cybernetic processes are associated with the vital activity of any living organism. Management principles underlie both social and computer systems. Actually the concept of cybernetics was born in the process of searching for a common approach to the analysis of the activities of living organisms and various automata and awareness of the similarity of the behavior of society and natural communities.
Thus, information processes in living nature are one of the characteristics of organisms of any level of complexity. They are supplemented by the principles of direct and feedback and contribute to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment and timely response to changes in the outside world. Information processes in inanimate nature (with the exception of automata created by man) proceed in one step. An important difference between them, not noted above, is that information transmitted from the source disappears from it. In wildlife and automata, this phenomenon is not observed. In the vast majority of cases, the transmitted information is still stored in the source.
The concept of the information process is used by various sciences. It can be called interdisciplinary. Information theory is applicable today to explain a variety of processes.
In wildlife, they are much more common than it might seem at first glance. Falling leaves in autumn, germination of flowers in spring and other familiar phenomena are associated with them. The ability to store, transmit and receive information is one of the features of living matter. Without it, normal metabolism, adaptation to environmental conditions, learning, and so on are impossible. Information processes in inanimate nature also exist, but they differ in several features and, first of all, act as a measure of the orderliness of the system.
What is information? To date, there are several options for defining this term. Each science that deals with information (all sections of knowledge belong to this category) uses its own understanding. It is rather difficult to derive a general definition. Intuitively, each person understands information as some information and knowledge about the surrounding world. In the mathematical sciences, data obtained by inference and after solving certain problems are added to them. In physics, information is a measure of the orderliness of a system, it is the opposite of entropy and is inherent in any material objects. In philosophy, it is defined as an intangible form of movement.
According to most formulations, information reduces uncertainty by providing information about the world around it and by helping to bring the system into one of many states. This is easy to understand by analyzing the decision-making process. A person often cannot make a choice between several behaviors until he receives additional information about the situation. In order for the information to lead to the correct decision, it must have a set of characteristics, such as:
All the diverse actions that can be performed with information are called information processes. These include receiving and searching, transferring and copying, organizing and filtering, protecting and archiving.
Information processes in wildlife are found literally at every step. Any organism, unicellular or multicellular, constantly receives information about the environment, which leads to various changes in behavior or internal environment. Without the collection, processing and storage of information, it is difficult to imagine the life of any creature. The simplest example is human thinking. At its core, it is nothing more than a process of constantly processing information about the environment, the state of the body, as well as information stored in memory, and so on.
Everything in nature proceeds within a certain system. It includes three components:
The transmitter can be any organism or environment. For example, the contraction or expansion of the pupil occurs under the influence of light. The source of information in this process is the space around a person or animal. The recipient in this case will be the retina.
The medium that ensures the delivery of information is called. In this capacity, a sound or visual wave, as well as oscillatory movements of a medium of a different nature, can act.
The whole set of actions that can be performed with information is combined into several categories:
The computer is a great example of the flow of information processes. He receives data and, processing them, gives out the necessary information or changes the operation of the system, searches for the necessary facts according to specified criteria, serves either as a source or as a receiver of information. The prototype of the computer is the human brain. It also constantly interacts with the information flow, however, the processes taking place in its depths are many times more complex than those inherent in the machine.
As mentioned above, information processes in nature proceed in a system consisting of a source, a channel, and a receiver. In the process of transmission, data in the form of a set of signals through the channel gets to the recipient. At the same time, the physical meaning of the signals is often not identical to the meaning of the message. An agreed set of rules and conventions is used to correctly interpret the information. They are necessary for the same understanding of the content of the message at all stages of working with it. Such rules include decoding other similar systems, rules for reading road signs, alphabets, and so on.
Using the example of any language, it is easy to see that the meaning of information depends not only on the characteristics of the signals, but also on their location. In this case, the meaning of the same transmitted message each time may be slightly modified depending on the characteristics of the recipient. If information is transmitted to a person, their interpretation is determined by various factors, from his life experience to the physiological state. In addition, the same message can be transmitted in different ways, using different alphabets, language systems or communication channels. So, you can focus on something with the help of the inscription “Attention!”, Using red or a few exclamation marks.
The study of information processes includes the study of such a concept as noise. It is believed that if the message does not carry useful information, then it carries noise. In this way, not only information that is absolutely useless from a practical point of view can be determined, but also messages consisting of signals that the recipient is not able to interpret. Noise can also be called data that has lost its relevance. That is, any information over time or due to various circumstances can turn into noise. The reverse process is no less probable. For example, a text in Icelandic will be useless to a person who is not familiar with it and becomes meaningful if a translator or dictionary appears.
Information processes in society do not fundamentally differ from those at other levels of the organization. The storage, transmission and processing of information in society is carried out through special social institutions and mechanisms. One of the functions of society is the transmission of knowledge. It is provided by the transmission of information from generation to generation. In a sense, this process is analogous to copying hereditary material.
Information processes in society ensure its cohesion. The lack of transfer of accumulated knowledge, including about norms and laws, leads to the division of a single formation into individuals acting only on the basis of biologically embedded prerequisites.
In a society, as well as in a separate organism, it is difficult to imagine the transfer of information without its storage. Databases, libraries, archives and museums contain a huge amount of information. Often, before passing them on to students, teachers are engaged in information processing. They classify, filter data, select individual facts according to the curriculum, and so on.
History knows several cardinal changes associated with the processing of information and led to an increasing accumulation of knowledge. These include the invention of writing, printing, computers, the discovery of electricity. The invention of the computer was a logical consequence of the accumulation of knowledge. The computer is capable of containing and processing huge amounts of information, storing them and transmitting them without loss.
Information coming from the environment can be perceived not only by people. Animals and plants, individual cells and microorganisms pick up signals and react to them in one way or another. Leaves fall in autumn and shoots grow in spring, a dog adopts a certain pose when an opponent approaches, releases the necessary substances into the cytoplasm of an amoeba ... All these phenomena of living nature are examples of changes in the system after information has been received.
In the case of plants, the environment becomes the source of information. The transfer of information is also carried out between tissue cells. The animal world is characterized by the exchange of information from individual to individual.
One of the key points in wildlife is the transmission of hereditary information. In this process, one can isolate the source (DNA and RNA), the alphabet with a set of rules for reading it (genetic code: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), the stage of information processing (DNA transcription), and so on.
The topic "Information Processes" is one of the leading topics in cybernetics. This is the science of management and communication in society, wildlife and technology. Norbert Wiener is considered the founder of cybernetics. The study of information processes in this science is necessary to understand the features of managing a particular system. In cybernetics, a control and a controlled object are distinguished. They communicate through direct and feedback. From the control object (for example, a person) signals (information) are sent to the controlled object (computer), as a result of which the latter performs some actions. Then, through the feedback channel, the manager receives information about the changes that have occurred.
Cybernetic processes are associated with the vital activity of any living organism. Management principles underlie both social and computer systems. Actually the concept of cybernetics was born in the process of searching for a common approach to the analysis of the activities of living organisms and various automata and awareness of the similarity of the behavior of society and natural communities.
Thus, information processes in living nature are one of the characteristics of organisms of any level of complexity. They are supplemented by the principles of direct and feedback and contribute to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment and timely response to changes in the outside world. Information processes in inanimate nature (with the exception of automata created by man) proceed in one step. An important difference between them, not noted above, is that information transmitted from the source disappears from it. In wildlife and automata, this phenomenon is not observed. In the vast majority of cases, the transmitted information is still stored in the source.
The concept of the information process is used by various sciences. It can be called interdisciplinary. Information theory is applicable today to explain a variety of processes.
