On simple mechanisms it is convenient to install analog current regulators. For example, they can change the speed of rotation of the motor shaft. From the technical side, implementing such a regulator is simple (you will need to install one transistor). Suitable for adjusting independent speed of motors in robotics and power supplies. The most common types of regulators are single-channel and two-channel.
Video No. 1. Single-channel regulator in operation. Changes the rotation speed of the motor shaft by rotating the variable resistor knob.
Video No. 2. Increasing the rotation speed of the motor shaft when operating a single-channel regulator. An increase in the number of revolutions from the minimum to the maximum value when rotating the variable resistor knob.
Video No. 3. Two-channel regulator in operation. Independent setting of the torsion speed of motor shafts based on trimming resistors.
Video No. 4. The voltage at the output of the regulator was measured with a digital multimeter. The resulting value is equal to the battery voltage, from which 0.6 volts have been subtracted (the difference arises due to the voltage drop across the transistor junction). When using a 9.55 volt battery, a change from 0 to 8.9 volts is recorded.
The load current of single-channel (photo 1) and two-channel (photo 2) regulators does not exceed 1.5 A. Therefore, to increase the load capacity, the KT815A transistor is replaced with KT972A. The numbering of the pins for these transistors is the same (e-k-b). But the KT972A model is operational with currents up to 4A.
The device controls one motor, powered by voltage in the range from 2 to 12 volts.
The main design elements of the regulator are shown in the photo. 3. The device consists of five components: two variable resistance resistors with a resistance of 10 kOhm (No. 1) and 1 kOhm (No. 2), a transistor model KT815A (No. 3), a pair of two-section screw terminal blocks for the output for connecting a motor (No. 4) and input for connecting a battery (No. 5).
Note 1. Installation of screw terminal blocks is not necessary. Using a thin stranded mounting wire, you can connect the motor and power source directly.
The operating procedure of the motor controller is described in the electrical diagram (Fig. 1). Taking into account the polarity, a constant voltage is supplied to the XT1 connector. The light bulb or motor is connected to the XT2 connector. A variable resistor R1 is turned on at the input; rotating its knob changes the potential at the middle output as opposed to the minus of the battery. Through current limiter R2, the middle output is connected to the base terminal of transistor VT1. In this case, the transistor is switched on according to a regular current circuit. The positive potential at the base output increases as the middle output moves upward from the smooth rotation of the variable resistor knob. There is an increase in current, which is due to a decrease in the resistance of the collector-emitter junction in transistor VT1. The potential will decrease if the situation is reversed.
Electrical circuit diagram A printed circuit board measuring 20x30 mm is required, made of a fiberglass sheet foiled on one side (permissible thickness 1-1.5 mm). Table 1 provides a list of radio components.
Note 2. The variable resistor required for the device can be of any manufacture; it is important to observe the current resistance values for it indicated in Table 1.
Note 3. To regulate currents above 1.5A, the KT815G transistor is replaced with a more powerful KT972A (with a maximum current of 4A). In this case, the printed circuit board design does not need to be changed, since the distribution of pins for both transistors is identical.
For further work, you need to download the archive file located at the end of the article, unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing (file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).
Next, the drawing of the circuit board (No. 1 in photo. 4) is glued to the current-carrying tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board (No. 2 in photo. 4). It is necessary to make holes (No. 3 in photo. 14) on the installation drawing in the mounting locations. The installation drawing is attached to the printed circuit board with dry glue, and the holes must match. Photo 5 shows the pinout of the KT815 transistor. 
The input and output of terminal blocks-connectors are marked in white. A voltage source is connected to the terminal block via a clip. A fully assembled single-channel regulator is shown in the photo. The power source (9 volt battery) is connected at the final stage of assembly. Now you can adjust the shaft rotation speed using the motor; to do this, you need to smoothly rotate the variable resistor adjustment knob.
To test the device, you need to print a disk drawing from the archive. Next, you need to paste this drawing (No. 1) onto thick and thin cardboard paper (No. 2). Then, using scissors, a disc is cut out (No. 3).
The resulting workpiece is turned over (No. 1) and a square of black electrical tape (No. 2) is attached to the center for better adhesion of the surface of the motor shaft to the disk. You need to make a hole (No. 3) as shown in the image. Then the disk is installed on the motor shaft and testing can begin. The single-channel motor controller is ready!
Used to independently control a pair of motors simultaneously. Power is supplied from a voltage ranging from 2 to 12 volts. The load current is rated up to 1.5A per channel.
The main components of the design are shown in photo.10 and include: two trimming resistors for adjusting the 2nd channel (No. 1) and the 1st channel (No. 2), three two-section screw terminal blocks for output to the 2nd motor (No. 3), for output to the 1st motor (No. 4) and for input (No. 5).
Note:1 Installation of screw terminal blocks is optional. Using a thin stranded mounting wire, you can connect the motor and power source directly.
The circuit of a two-channel regulator is identical to the electrical circuit of a single-channel regulator. Consists of two parts (Fig. 2). The main difference: the variable resistance resistor is replaced with a trimming resistor. The rotation speed of the shafts is set in advance. 
Note.2. To quickly adjust the rotation speed of the motors, the trimming resistors are replaced using a mounting wire with variable resistance resistors with the resistance values indicated in the diagram.
You will need a printed circuit board measuring 30x30 mm, made of a fiberglass sheet foiled on one side with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. Table 2 provides a list of radio components.
After downloading the archive file located at the end of the article, you need to unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing for thermal transfer (termo2 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag2 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).
The circuit board drawing is glued to the current-carrying tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board. Form holes on the installation drawing in the mounting locations. The installation drawing is attached to the printed circuit board with dry glue, and the holes must match. The KT815 transistor is being pinned. To check, you need to temporarily connect inputs 1 and 2 with a mounting wire.
Any of the inputs is connected to the pole of the power source (a 9-volt battery is shown in the example). The negative of the power supply is attached to the center of the terminal block. It is important to remember: the black wire is “-” and the red wire is “+”.
The motors must be connected to two terminal blocks, and the desired speed must also be set. After successful testing, you need to remove the temporary connection of the inputs and install the device on the robot model. The two-channel motor controller is ready!
The necessary diagrams and drawings for the work are presented. The emitters of the transistors are marked with red arrows.
Many electronic circuits use active cooling systems with fans. Most often, their motors are controlled by a microcontroller or other specialized chip, and the rotation speed is controlled using PWM. This solution is characterized by not very smooth operation, can lead to unstable operation of the fan, and in addition, creates a lot of interference.
An analog fan speed controller has been developed for the needs of high-quality audio equipment. The circuit is useful in the construction of low-frequency amplifiers with an active cooling system and allows for smooth adjustment of fan speed depending on temperature. Performance and power depend mainly on the output transistor; tests were carried out with output currents up to 2 A, which allows you to connect even several large 12 V fans. Naturally, this device can also be used to control conventional DC motors, increasing the supply voltage if necessary. Although for very powerful engines you will have to use soft start systems tehprivod.su/katalog/ustroystva-plavnogo-puska
The circuit consists of two parts: a differential amplifier and a voltage stabilizer. The first part deals with temperature measurement and provides a voltage proportional to the temperature when it exceeds a set threshold. This voltage is the control voltage for the voltage stabilizer, the output of which controls the power supply to the fans.
The circuit diagram of the DC motor speed controller is shown in the figure. The basis is the comparator U2 (LM393), which works in this configuration as a regular operational amplifier. Its first part, U2A, works as a differential amplifier, whose operating conditions are determined by resistors R4-R5 (47k) and R6-R7 (220k). Capacitor C10 (22pF) improves the stability of the amplifier, and R12 (10k) pulls the comparator output to the power supply positive.
A voltage is applied to one of the inputs of the differential amplifier, which is generated through a divider consisting of R2 (6.8k), R3 (680 Ohms) and PR1 (500 Ohms), and is filtered using C4 (100nF). The second input of this amplifier receives voltage from the temperature sensor, which in this case is one of the connectors of transistor T1 (BD139), polarized with a small current using R1 (6.8k).
Capacitor C2 (100nF) was added to filter the voltage from the temperature sensor. The polarity of the sensor and reference voltage divider is set by regulator U1 (78L05) along with capacitors C1 (1000uF/16V), C3 (100nF) and C5 (47uF/25V), providing a stabilized voltage of 5 V.
The U2B comparator works as a classic error amplifier. It compares the voltage from the output of the differential amplifier with the output voltage using R10 (3.3k), R11 (47 ohms) and PR2 (200 ohms). The executive element of the stabilizer is transistor T2 (IRF5305), the base of which is controlled by the divider R8 (10k) and R9 (5.1k).
Capacitor C6 (1uF) and C7 (22pF) and C9 (10nF) improve feedback loop stability. Capacitor C8 (1000uF/16V) filters the output voltage, it has a significant impact on system stability. The output connector is AR2 (TB2), and the power connector is AR1 (TB2).
Thanks to the use of a low on-resistance output transistor, the circuit has a very low voltage dropout - about 50 mV at an output current of 1 A, which does not require a higher voltage power supply to drive 12 V fans.
In most cases, the popular operational amplifier LM358 can be used as U2, although the output parameters will be slightly worse.
Installation should begin with the installation of two jumpers, then all resistors and small ceramic capacitors should be installed.
In most cases, both of these elements will be mounted at the bottom of the board on legs that are bent at a 90-degree angle. This arrangement will allow them to be screwed directly to the radiator (be sure to use insulating gaskets).
Discuss the article ENGINE SPEED CONTROLLER 12 V
When using an electric motor in various devices and tools, there is always a need to adjust the shaft rotation speed.
Making an electric motor speed controller yourself is not difficult. You just need to find a high-quality circuit, the design of which would be completely suitable for the features and type of a particular electric motor.
To adjust the speed of an electric motor operating from a network with a voltage of 220 and 380 Volts, frequency converters can be used. High-tech electronic devices allow, by changing the frequency and amplitude of the signal, to smoothly regulate the speed of the electric motor.
Such converters are based on powerful semiconductor transistors with wide-pulse modulators.
Converters, using a corresponding control unit on a microcontroller, allow you to smoothly change the engine speed.
High-tech frequency converters are used in complex and loaded mechanisms. Modern frequency regulators have several degrees of protection at once, including load, voltage current indicator and other characteristics. Some models are powered from a single-phase power supply of 220 Volts and can convert the voltage to three-phase 380 Volts. The use of such converters allows you to use asynchronous electric motors at home without the use of complex wiring diagrams.
The use of powerful asynchronous motors is impossible without the use of appropriate speed controllers. Such converters are used for the following purposes:
The operating scheme used by frequency converters is similar to that of most household appliances. Similar devices are also used in welding machines, UPSs, power supply for PCs and laptops, voltage stabilizers, lamp ignition units, as well as in monitors and LCD TVs.
Despite the apparent complexity of the circuit, making a speed controller for a 220 V electric motor will be quite simple.
The operating principle and design of the engine speed controller is simple, therefore, having studied the technical aspects, it is quite possible to perform them yourself. Structurally, there are several The main components that make up the rotary controllers are:
The difference between asynchronous motors and standard drives is the rotation of the rotor with maximum power indicators when voltage is applied to the transformer winding. At the initial stage, the current consumption and power of the motor increases to a maximum, which leads to a significant load on the drive and its rapid failure.
When the engine starts at maximum speed, a large amount of heat is released, which leads to overheating of the drive, windings and other drive elements. Thanks to the use of a frequency converter, it is possible to smoothly accelerate the engine, which prevents overheating and other problems with the unit. When using a frequency converter, the electric motor can be started at a speed of 1000 revolutions per minute, and subsequently smooth acceleration is ensured when 100-200 engine revolutions are added every 10 seconds.
Making a homemade speed controller for a 12 V electric motor will not be difficult. For this work you will need the following:
The use of wirewound resistors allows you to change the supply voltage and, accordingly, the engine speed. Such a regulator provides stepwise acceleration of the engine, has a simple design and can be made even by novice radio amateurs. Such simple homemade step regulators can be used with asynchronous and contact motors.
Operating principle of a homemade converter:
In the past, the most popular were mechanical regulators based on a variator or gear drive. However, they were not very reliable and often failed.
Homemade electronic regulators have proven themselves to be the best. They use the principle of changing step or smooth voltage, are durable, reliable, have compact dimensions and provide the ability to fine-tune the operation of the drive.
The additional use of triacs and similar devices in electronic regulator circuits allows for a smooth change in voltage power; accordingly, the electric motor will correctly gain speed, gradually reaching its maximum power.
To ensure high-quality regulation, variable resistors are included in the circuit, which change the amplitude of the incoming signal, providing a smooth or step change in the speed.
You can regulate the shaft rotation speed of low-power electric motors using a transistor bus and a series connection of resistors in the power supply. This option is easy to implement, but has low efficiency and does not allow smooth changes in engine rotation speed. Making your own speed controller for a 220 V brushed motor using a PWM transistor will not be particularly difficult.
The principle of operation of the transistor regulator:
Transistors have an even constant pulse amplitude, identical to the amplitude of the supply voltage. This allows you to adjust the speed of the 220 V engine and maintain the operation of the unit even when applying a minimum voltage to the transformer winding.
Thanks to the ability to connect a microcontroller to a PWM transistor, it is possible to automatically configure and adjust the operation of the electric drive. Such converter designs may have additional components that expand the functionality of the drive, ensuring operation in a fully automatic mode.
The presence of microcontroller control in regulators and frequency converters makes it possible to improve the operating parameters of the drive, and the motor itself can operate in a fully automatic mode, when the controller used smoothly or stepwise changes the rotation speed of the unit. Today, microcontroller control uses processors that have a different number of outputs and inputs. You can connect various electronic keys, buttons, various signal loss sensors, and so on to such a microcontroller.
You can find it on sale different types of microcontrollers, which are easy to use, guarantee high-quality adjustment of the operation of the converter and regulator, and the presence of additional inputs and outputs allows you to connect various additional sensors to the processor, upon the signal of which the device will reduce or increase the number of revolutions or completely stop the supply of voltage to the electric motor windings.
Today, various electric motor converters and controllers are available on the market. However, if you have even minimal skills in working with radio components and the ability to read diagrams, you can make such a simple device that will smoothly or stepwise change engine speed. Additionally, you can include a control triac rheostat and a resistor in the circuit, which will allow you to smoothly change the speed, and the presence of microcontroller control completely automates the use of electric motors.
This DIY circuit can be used as a speed controller for a 12V DC motor with a current rating of up to 5A, or as a dimmer for 12V halogen and LED lamps up to 50W. Control is carried out using pulse width modulation (PWM) at a pulse repetition rate of about 200 Hz. Naturally, the frequency can be changed if necessary, selecting for maximum stability and efficiency.
The circuit uses a 7555 Timer to create a variable pulse width of about 200 Hz. It controls transistor Q3 (via transistors Q1 - Q2), which controls the speed of the electric motor or light bulbs.
PWM controller 12 volt
Mini drill speed controller circuit
Hello everyone, probably many radio amateurs, like me, have more than one hobby, but several. In addition to designing electronic devices, I do photography, video shooting with a DSLR camera, and video editing. As a videographer, I needed a slider for video shooting, and first I’ll briefly explain what it is. The photo below shows the factory slider.
The slider is designed for video shooting on cameras and video cameras. It is analogous to the rail system used in wide-format cinema. With its help, a smooth movement of the camera around the object being photographed is created. Another very powerful effect that can be used when working with a slider is the ability to move closer or further from the subject. The next photo shows the engine that was chosen to make the slider.
The slider is driven by a 12-volt DC motor. A diagram of a regulator for the motor that moves the slider carriage was found on the Internet. The next photo shows the power indicator on the LED, the toggle switch that controls the reverse and the power switch.
When operating such a device, it is important that there is smooth speed control, plus easy inclusion of engine reverse. The speed of rotation of the motor shaft, in the case of using our regulator, is smoothly adjusted by rotating the knob of a 5 kOhm variable resistor. Perhaps I am not the only one of the users of this site who is interested in photography, and someone else will want to replicate this device; those who wish can download an archive with a circuit diagram and printed circuit board of the regulator at the end of the article. The following figure shows a schematic diagram of a regulator for an engine:
To smoothly increase and decrease the shaft rotation speed, there is a special device - a 220V electric motor speed controller. Stable operation, no voltage interruptions, long service life - the advantages of using an engine speed controller for 220, 12 and 24 volts.
Speed controllers are included in the structure of many devices, as they ensure the accuracy of electrical control. This allows you to adjust the speed to the desired amount.
DC motor speed controller is used in many industrial and domestic applications. For example:
The device can be purchased at specialized sales points, or you can make it yourself.
AC speed controller circuit
There is a universal 12V device for brushless motors.
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The circuit consists of two parts - logical and power. The microcontroller is located on a chip. This scheme is typical for a powerful engine. The uniqueness of the regulator lies in its use with various types of engines. The circuits are powered separately; the key drivers require 12V power.
The controller circuit based on a triac contains a minimum of parts shown in the figure, where C1 is a capacitor, R1 is the first resistor, R2 is the second resistor.
When the capacitor reaches the maximum voltage threshold of 12V or 24V, the switch is activated. The triac goes into the open state. When the mains voltage passes through zero, the triac is locked, and then the capacitor gives a negative charge.
Common thyristor regulators with a simple operating circuit.
Thyristor, works in alternating current network.
To a 24 volt voltage source. The principle of operation is to charge a capacitor and a locked thyristor, and when the capacitor reaches voltage, the thyristor sends current to the load.
Signals arriving at the system input form feedback. Let's take a closer look using a microcircuit.
Chip TDA 1085
With your own hands you can make a device for a grinder, wood lathe, sharpener, concrete mixer, straw cutter, lawn mower, wood splitter and much more.
When assembling the regulator, choose the right resistor. Since with a large resistor there may be jerks at the start, and with a small resistor the compensation will be insufficient.
Speed controllers for single-phase and three-phase 24, 12 volt motors are a functional and valuable device, both in everyday life and in industry.
Video No. 1. Single-channel regulator in operation. Changes the rotation speed of the motor shaft by rotating the variable resistor knob.
Video No. 3. Two-channel regulator in operation. Independent setting of the torsion speed of motor shafts based on trimming resistors.
Single channel motor controller
Note 3. To regulate currents above 1.5A, the KT815G transistor is replaced with a more powerful KT972A (with a maximum current of 4A). In this case, the printed circuit board design does not need to be changed, since the distribution of pins for both transistors is identical.
For further work, you need to download the archive file located at the end of the article, unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing (termo1 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag1 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).
To test the device, you need to print a disk drawing from the archive. Next, you need to paste this drawing (No. 1) onto thick and thin cardboard paper (No. 2). Then, using scissors, a disc is cut out (No. 3).
The resulting workpiece is turned over (No. 1) and a square of black electrical tape (No. 2) is attached to the center for better adhesion of the surface of the motor shaft to the disk. You need to make a hole (No. 3) as shown in the image. Then the disk is installed on the motor shaft and testing can begin. The single-channel motor controller is ready!
Used to independently control a pair of motors simultaneously. Power is supplied from a voltage ranging from 2 to 12 volts. The load current is rated up to 1.5A per channel.
Note.2. To quickly adjust the rotation speed of the motors, the trimming resistors are replaced using a mounting wire with variable resistance resistors with the resistance values indicated in the diagram.
You will need a printed circuit board measuring 30x30 mm, made of a sheet of fiberglass foil on one side with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. Table 2 provides a list of radio components.
The circuit board drawing is glued to the current-carrying tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board. Form holes on the installation drawing in the mounting locations. The installation drawing is attached to the printed circuit board with dry glue, and the holes must match. The KT815 transistor is being pinned. To check, you need to temporarily connect inputs 1 and 2 with a mounting wire.
THE ARCHIVE contains the necessary diagrams and drawings for the work. The emitters of the transistors are marked with red arrows.
DC motor speed controller circuit for 12 volts
The motor is connected in a circuit to a field-effect transistor which is controlled by pulse-width modulation carried out on the NE555 timer chip, which is why the circuit turned out to be so simple.
The PWM controller is implemented using a conventional pulse generator on an astable multivibrator, generating pulses with a repetition rate of 50 Hz and built on the popular NE555 timer. The signals coming from the multivibrator create a bias field at the gate of the field-effect transistor. The duration of the positive pulse is adjusted using variable resistance R2. The longer the duration of the positive pulse arriving at the gate of the field-effect transistor, the greater the power supplied to the DC motor. And vice versa, the shorter the pulse duration, the weaker the electric motor rotates. This circuit works great on a 12 volt battery.
DC motor speed control circuit for 6 volts
Speed control in this circuit is achieved by applying voltage pulses of varying duration to the electric motor. For these purposes, PWM (pulse width modulators) are used. In this case, pulse width control is provided by a PIC microcontroller. To control the engine rotation speed, two buttons SB1 and SB2, “More” and “Less,” are used. You can change the rotation speed only when the “Start” toggle switch is pressed. The pulse duration varies, as a percentage of the period, from 30 - 100%.
The device is assembled on a printed circuit board measuring 61x52mm. You can download the PCB drawing and firmware file from the link above. (See folder in the archive 027-el)
The engine speed controller is needed to perform smooth acceleration and braking. Such devices have become widespread in modern industry. Thanks to them, the speed of movement in the conveyor, on various devices, as well as when the fan rotates, is measured. Motors with 12 Volt performance are used in entire control systems and in cars.
Commutator motor type consists mainly of a rotor, a stator, as well as brushes and a tachogenerator.
Special frequency converters are used in the form of speed controllers for 220 V and 380 V electric motors . Such devices are classified as high-tech, they help to make a fundamental transformation of the current characteristics (signal shape, as well as frequency). They are equipped with powerful semiconductor transistors, as well as a pulse-width modulator. The entire process of operating the device occurs through the control of a special unit on a microcontroller. The change in speed in the rotation of the motor rotor occurs quite slowly.
It is for this reason that frequency converters are used in loaded devices. The slower the acceleration process occurs, the less load will be placed on the gearbox, as well as the conveyor. In all frequency generators you can find several degrees of protection: by load, current, voltage and other indicators.
Some models of frequency converters supply power from a single-phase voltage (it will reach 220 Volts) and create a three-phase voltage from it. This helps to connect an asynchronous motor at home without the use of particularly complex circuits and designs. In this case, the consumer will not lose power while working with such a device.
If we talk about regulator motors, then the revolutions needed are:
The circuits used to create frequency converters in an electric motor are widely used in most household devices. Such a system can be found in wireless power supplies, welding machines, phone chargers, power supplies for personal computers and laptops, voltage stabilizers, lamp ignition units for backlighting modern monitors, as well as LCD TVs.
You can make it completely yourself, but for this you will need to study all possible technical features of the device. By design, several types of main parts can be distinguished. Namely:
Just before starting the device, after applying a certain voltage to the windings, the process of rotating the engine begins with maximum power. It is this feature that will distinguish asynchronous devices from other types. On top of everything else, the load from the mechanisms that set the device in motion is added. Ultimately, at the initial stage of operation of the device, the power, as well as the current consumption, only increases to the maximum level.
At this time, the process of releasing the greatest amount of heat occurs. Overheating occurs in the windings, as well as in the wires. Using Partial Transformation will help prevent this from happening. If you install a soft start, then to the maximum speed mark (which can also be adjusted by equipment and may not be 1500 rpm, but only 1000), the engine will begin to accelerate not at the first moment of operation, but over the next 10 seconds (at the same time, every second the device will add 100-150 revolutions). At this time, the load on all mechanisms and wires begins to decrease several times.
You can completely independently create an electric motor speed controller of about 12 V. For this you should use switch of several positions at once, as well as a special wirewound resistor. With the help of the latter, the supply voltage level changes (and at the same time the rotation speed indicator). The same systems can be used to perform asynchronous movements, but they will be less effective.
Many years ago, mechanical regulators were widely used - they were built on the basis of gear drives or their variators. But such devices were considered not very reliable. Electronic means showed themselves several times better, since they were not so large and allowed for finer adjustment of the drive.
In order to create an electric motor rotation controller, it is worth using several devices at once, which can either be bought at any hardware store or removed from old inventory devices. To complete the adjustment process, you should turn on special variable resistor circuit. With its help, the process of changing the amplitude of the signal entering the resistor occurs.
To significantly improve the performance of even the simplest equipment, it is worth connecting microcontroller control to the engine speed controller circuit. To do this, you should choose a processor that has a suitable number of inputs and outputs, respectively: to connect sensors, buttons, and special electronic keys.
To carry out experiments you should use special microcontroller AtMega 128 is the easiest to use and widely used controller. In free use you can find a large number of schemes using it. In order for the device to perform the correct operation, a certain algorithm of actions should be written into it - responses to certain movements. For example, when the temperature reaches 60 degrees Celsius (the measurement will be noted on the graph of the device itself), the device should automatically turn off.
Now it’s worth talking about how you can adjust the speed in a brushed motor. Due to the fact that the overall speed of rotation of the motor can directly depend on the magnitude of the supplied voltage level, absolutely any control systems that can perform such a function are quite suitable for this.
It is worth listing several types of devices:
But at the same time, all such methods have a certain flaw. Together with the process of reducing speed, the overall power of the engine also decreases. Sometimes it can be stopped even by simply touching it with your hand. In some cases this may be quite normal, but for the most part it is considered a serious problem.
The most acceptable option would be to perform the function of adjusting the speed using tachogenerator applications.
It is most often installed at the factory. When the rotation speed of the motors deviates through the triacs in the motor, the already adjusted power supply will be transmitted, accompanying the desired rotation speed. If control of the rotation of the motor itself is built into such a container, then power will not be lost.
What does this look like in design? Most of all, it is the rheostat control of the rotation process, which is created based on the use of a semiconductor.
In the first case we will talk about variable resistance using a mechanical adjustment process. It will be connected in series to the commutator motor. The disadvantage in this case will be the additional release of some heat and an additional waste of the resource of the entire battery. During such an adjustment, a general loss of power occurs as the motor rotates. It is considered the most economical option. Not used for fairly powerful motors for the above reasons.
In the second case During the use of semiconductors, the process of controlling the motor occurs by applying a certain number of pulses. The circuit is capable of changing the duration of such pulses, which, in turn, will change the overall speed of rotation of the motor without loss of power.
If you do not want to manufacture equipment yourself, but want to buy a device that is completely ready for use, then you should pay special attention to the main parameters and characteristics, such as power, type of device control system, voltage in the device, frequency, and operating voltage . It would be best to calculate the general characteristics of the entire mechanism in which it is worth using a general motor voltage regulator. It is worth remembering that you need to make a comparison with the parameters of the frequency converter.
